Конца света не будет. Почему экологический алармизм причиняет нам вред - Майкл Шелленбергер

872

David Schaper, “Record Number of Miles Driven in US Last Year,” NPR, February 21, 2017, https://www.npr.org. “How Much Gasoline Does the United States Consume?” U.S. Energy Information Administration, https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=23&t=10. “How Much Ethanol Is in Gasoline, and How Does It Affect Fuel Economy?” U.S. Energy Information Administration, https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.php?id=27&t=4. “Data,” FAO, http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/RL.In 2017, US drivers drove a total of 3.22 trillion miles. The fuel economy of U.S. cars averaged 24.9 miles per gallon. For every gallon of gasoline, 1.5 gallons of ethanol (E100) is needed. In 2017, U.S. cropland totaled 396 million acres. The amount of land needed to replace all gasoline with pure ethanol would be 653.3 million acres, an increase of 51 percent.

873

John van Zalk and Paul Behrens, “The spatial extent of renewable and nonrenewable power generation: A review and meta-analysis of power densities and their application in the US,” Energy Policy 123 (2018): 83–91, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2018.08.023.

874

John van Zalk and Paul Behrens, “The spatial extent of renewable and nonrenewable power generation: A review and meta-analysis of power densities and their application in the US,” Energy Policy 123 (2018): 83–91.

875

Jesse Jenkins, Mark Moro, Ted Nordhaus et al., Beyond Boom & Bust: Putting Clean Tech on a Path to Subsidy Independence, Breakthrough Institute, April 2012, https://s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/uploads.thebreakthrough.org/articles/beyond-boom-and-bust-reportoverview/Beyond_Boom_and_Bust.pdf, 18.

876

Tom Jackson, “PacificCorp Sues to Block Release of Bird-Death Data at Wind Farms,” Sandusky Register, November 17, 2014, http://www.sanduskyregister.com.

877

Shawn Smallwood, “Bird and Bat Impacts and Behaviors at Old Wind Turbines at Foebay, Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area,” California Energy Commission, November 2016, accessed January 17, 2020, https://ww2.energy.ca.gov/2016publications/CEC-500-2016-066/CEC-500-2016-066.pdf.

878

Shawn Smallwood, letter to Fish and Wildlife Service, “Comments on the Updated Collision Risk Model Priors for Estimating Eagle Fatalities at Wind Energy Facilities,” Center for Biological Diversity, August 17, 2018.

879

Shawn Smallwood, letter to Fish and Wildlife Service, “Comments on the Updated Collision Risk Model Priors for Estimating Eagle Fatalities at Wind Energy Facilities,” Center for Biological Diversity, August 17, 2018.

880

Michael Hutchins, “To Protect Birds from Wind Turbines, Look to Hawai‘i’s Approach,” American Bird Conservancy, June 21, 2016, https://abcbirds.org/to-protect-birds-and-bats-from-wind-turbines-adopt-hawaiis-approach.

881

Joseph Goldstein, “A Climate Conundrum: The Wind Farm vs. the Eagle’s Nest,” New York Times, June 25, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com.

882

Clifford P. Schneider, pro se, “Motion for Dismissal for Fraud upon the Siting Board,” Application of Galloo Island Wind LLC for a Certificate of Environmental Compatibility and Public Need Pursuant to Article 10 to Construct a Wind Energy Project, Case No. 15-F-0327, September 13, 2018, 2; Joseph Goldstein, “A Climate Conundrum: The Wind Farm vs. The Eagle’s Nest,” New York Times, June 25, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com.

883

Goldstein, “A Climate Conundrum.”

884

Lisa Linowes (executive director, Wind Action Group) in discussion with author, November 6, 2019.

885

Scientists have found that curtailing the use of wind turbines when wind speed is low can reduce bat fatalities by 44 percent, to 93 percent. Edward B. Arnett, Manuela M. P. Huso, Michael R. Schirmacher, and John P. Hayes, “Altering Turbine Speed Reduces Bat Mortality at Wind-Energy Facilities,” Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 9, no. 4 (November 2010): 209–14, https://doi.org/10.1890/100103. Lori Bird, Jaquelin Cochran, and Xi Wang, Wind and Solar Energy Curtailment: Experience and Practices in the United States, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, March 2014, https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy14osti/60983.pdf.

886

Smallwood, letter to Fish and Wildlife Service.

887

Shawn Smallwood, “Estimating Wind Turbine – Caused Bird Mortality,” Journal of Wildlife Management 71, no. 8 (2007): 2781–91, https://doi.org/10.2193/2007-006.

888

Franz Trieb, “Study Report: Interference of Flying Insects and Wind Parks,” Deutsches Zentrum für Luft– und Raumfahrt, September 30, 2018, https://www.dlr.de/tt/Portaldata/41/Resources/dokumente/st/FliWip-Final-Report.pdf. Caspar A. Hallmann, Martin Song, Eelke Jongejans et al., “More than 75 Percent Decline over 27 Years in Total Flying Insect Biomass in Protected Areas,” PLOS ONE 12, no. 10 (October 18, 2017): e0185809, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0185809.

889

Trieb, “Interference of Flying Insects and Wind Parks.”

890

Trieb, “Interference of Flying Insects and Wind Parks.”

891

Robert F. Contreras and Stephen J. Frasier, “High-Resolution Observations of Insects in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer,” Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 25 (2008): 2176–87, https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JTECHA1059.1.

892

Trieb, “Interference of Flying Insects and Wind Parks.”

893

U.S. Census of Agriculture, 2017. EU, “EU Agricultural Outlook 2017–2030,” www.ec.europa.eu.

894

Franz Trieb and Denise Nuessele (Institut für Technische Thermodynamik), email correspondence with the author, November 16, 2019, and November 19, 2019.

895

“Wind turbines and birds and bats,” Sierra Club, accessed June 26, 2019, https://www.sierraclub.org/michigan/wind-turbines-and-birds-and-bats.

896

Susan Crosier, “A wind farm in the great lakes? Let’s give it a twirl,” NRDC, February 21, 2017, https://www.nrdc.org/stories/wind-farm-great-lakes-lets-give-it-twirl.

897

Joseph Goldstein, “A Climate Conundrum: The Wind Farm vs. The Eagle’s Nest,” New York Times, June 25, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com.

898

Science Advisory Board, Review of EPA’s Accounting Framework for Biogenic CO2 Emissions from Stationary Sources (Washington, D.C.: United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2011), https://yosemite.epa.gov/sab/sabproduct.nsf/0/57B7A4F1987D7F7385257A87007977F6/$File/EPA-SAB-12–011-unsigned.pdf.

899

Louis Sahagun, “Companies won’t face charges in condor deaths,” Los Angeles Times, May 10, 2013, https://www.latimes.com.

900

Louis Sahagun, “Companies won’t face charges in condor deaths,” Los Angeles Times,