Создатели искусственного гения. О бунтарях, которые наделили интеллектом Google, Facebook и весь мир - Кейд Метц

101 Jürgen Schmidhuber’s Home Page, http://people.idsia.ch/~juergen/, retrieved on March 9, 2020.

102 Ashlee Vance, “This Man Is the Godfather the AI Community Wants to Forget”, Bloomberg Businessweek, May 15, 2018, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2018-05-15/google-amazon-and-facebook-owe-j-rgen-schmidhuber-a-fortune

103 Там же.

104 Aapo Hyvärinen, “Connections between score matching, contrastive divergence, and pseudolikelihood for continuous-valued variables,” Revised submission to IEEE TNN, February 21, 2007, https://www.cs.helsinki.fi/u/ahyvarin/papers/cdsm3.pdf

105 Khaled Hassanein, Li Deng, and M. I. Elmasry, “A Neural Predictive Hidden Markov Model for Speaker Recognition”, SCA Workshop on Automatic Speaker Recognition, Identification, and Verification, April 1994, https://www.isca-speech.org/archive_open/asriv94/sr94_115.html

106 Abdel-rahman Mohamed, George E. Dahl, and Geoffrey Hinton, “Deep belief networks for phone recognition,” NIPS workshop on deep learning for speech recognition and related applications, 2009, https://www.cs.toronto.edu/~gdahl/papers/dbnPhoneRec.pdf

107 “GPUs for machine learning algorithms”, Eighth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition (ICDAR 2005).

108 Rajat Raina, Anand Madhavan, and Andrew Y. Ng, “Large-scale Deep Unsupervised Learning using Graphics Processors”, Computer Science Department, Stanford University, 2009, http://robotics.stanford.edu/~ang/papers/icml09-LargeScaleUnsupervisedDeepLearningGPU.pdf

109 John Markoff, “Google Cars Drive Themselves, in Traffic”, New York Times, October 9, 2010, https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/10/science/10google.html

110 Evan Ackerman and Erico Guizz, “Robots Bring Couple Together, Engagement Ensues”, IEEE Spectrum, March 31, 2014, https://spectrum.ieee.org/automaton/robotics/humanoids/engaging-with-robots

111 Jeff Hawkins with Sandra Blakeslee, On Intelligence: How a New Understanding of the Brain Will Lead to the Creation of Truly Intelligent Machines (New York: Times Books, 2004). [В русском переводе: Джефф Хокинс и Сандра Блейксли, Об интеллекте («Вильямс», 2007).]

112 Там же.

113 Там же.

114 Gideon Lewis-Kraus, “The Great AI Awakening”, New York Times Magazine, December 14, 2006, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/14/magazine/the-great-ai-awakening.html

115 Там же.

116 Cade Metz, “If Xerox PARC Invented the PC, Google Invented the Internet”, Wired, August 8, 2012, https://www.wired.com/2012/08/google-as-xerox-parc/

117 Там же.

118 Там же.

119 Там же.

120 Там же.

121 John Markoff, “How Many Computers to Identify a Cat? 16,000”, New York Times, June 25, 2012, https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/26/technology/in-a-big-network-of-computers-evidence-of-machine-learning.html

122 Там же.

123 Quoc V. Le, Marc’Aurelio Ranzato, Rajat Monga, et al., “Building High-level Features Using Large Scale Unsupervised Learning,” 2012, https://arxiv.org/abs/1112.6209

124 Markoff, “How Many Computers to Identify a Cat? 16,000”.

125 Lewis-Kraus, “The Great AI Awakening”.

126 Там же.

127 The Dambusters, directed by Michael Anderson, Associated British Pathé (UK), 1955.

128 Там же.

129 Там же.

130 Там же.

131 Там же.

132 Le, Ranzato, Monga, et al., “Building High-level Features Using Large Scale Unsupervised Learning”.

133 Там же.

134 Там же.

135 Olga Russakovsky, Jia Deng, Hao Su, et al., “ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge,” 2014, https://arxiv.org/abs/1409.0575

136 Там же.

137 Аlex Krizhevsky, Ilya Sutskever, and Geoffrey Hinton. “ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks,” Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 25 (NIPS 2012), https://papers.nips.cc/paper/4824-imagenet-classification-with-deep-convolutional-neural-networks.pdf

138 Richard Conniff, “When Continental Drift Was Considered Pseudoscience”, Smithsonian Magazine, June 2012, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/when-continental-drift-was-considered-pseudoscience-90353214/

139 Там же.

140 Там же.

141 Benedict Carey, “David Rumelhart Dies at 68; Created Computer Simulations of Perception”, New York Times, March 11, 2011.

142 Там же.

143 John Markoff, “Parachutist’s Record Fall: Over 25 Miles in 15 Minutes”, New York Times, October 24, 2014.

144 Cade Metz, “What the AI Behind AlphaGo Can Teach Us About Being Human”, Wired, May 19, 2016, https://www.wired.com/2016/05/google-alpha-go-ai/

145 Там же.

146 Archived “Diaries” from Elixir, https://archive.kontek.net/republic.strategyplanet.gamespy.com/d1.shtml

147 Steve Boxer, “Child Prodigy Stands by Originality,” The Guardian, September 9, 2004, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2004/sep/09/games.onlinesupplement

148 Cade Metz, “What the AI Behind AlphaGo Can Teach Us About Being Human”, Wired, May 19, 2016, https://www.wired.com/2016/05/google-alpha-go-ai/

149 Archived “Diaries” from Elixir, https://archive.kontek.net/republic.strategyplanet.gamespy.com/d1.shtml.

150 Там же.

151 Там же.

152 Там же.

153 Там же.

154 Там же.

155 Там же.

156 Metz, “What the AI Behind AlphaGo Can Teach Us About Being Human”.

157 Demis Hassabis, Dharshan Kumaran, Seralynne D. Vann, and Eleanor A. Maguire, “Patients with hippocampal amnesia cannot imagine new experiences”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104, no. 5 (2007): pp. 1726–1731.

158 “Breakthrough of the Year”, Science, December 21, 2007.

159 Shane Legg, “Machine Super Intelligence”, PhD dissertation, University of Lugano, June 2008, http://www.vetta.org/documents/Machine_Super_Intelligence.pdf

160 Там же.

161 Там же.

162 Hal Hodson, “DeepMind and Google: The Battle to Control Artificial Intelligence”, 1843 Magazine, April/May 2019, https://www.1843magazine.com/features/deepmind-and-google-the-battle-to-control-artificial-intelligence

163 Там же.

164 “A systems neuroscience approach to building AGI – Demis Hassabis, Singularity Summit 2010”, https://youtu.be/Qgd3OK5DZWI

165 Там же.

166 “Measuring machine intelligence – Shane Legg, Singularity Summit”, YouTube, https://youtu.be/0ghzG14dT-w

167 Там же.

168 Там же.

169 Metz, “What the AI Behind AlphaGo Can Teach Us About Being Human”.

170 Там же.

171 Там же.

172 Hodson, “DeepMind and Google: The Battle to Control Artificial Intelligence”.

173 Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig, Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (Prentice Hall, 2010), p. 14.

174 Там же, с. 186.

175 John Markoff, “Computer Wins on ‘Jeopardy!’: Trivial, It’s Not”, New York Times,” February. 16, 2011.

176 Volodymyr Mnih, Koray Kavukcuoglu, David Silver, et al., “Playing Atari with Deep Reinforcement Learning”, Nature, 2015.

177 Samuel Gibbs, “Google buys UK artificial intelligence startup Deepmind for £400m”, The Guardian, January 27, 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/jan/27/google-acquires-uk-artificial-intelligence-startup-deepmind

178 “Facebook Buys into Machine Learning”, Neil Lawrence blog and video, https://inverseprobability.com/2013/12/09/facebook-buys-into-machine-learning

179 Там же.

180 Там же.

181 Cade Metz, “Facebook ‘open sources’ custom server and data center designs”, The Register, April 7, 2011, https://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/04/07/facebook_data_center_unveiled/

182 Cade Metz, “Google Just Open Sourced TensorFlow, Its Artificial Intelligence Engine”, Wired, November 9, 2015, https://www.wired.com/2015/11/google-open-sources-its-artificial-intelligence-engine/

183 John Markoff, “Scientists See Promise in Deep-Learning Programs Image”, New York Times, November 23, 2012, https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/24/science/scientists-see-advances-in-deep-learning-a-part-of-artificial-intelligence.html

184 DeepMind Technologies Limited Report and Financial Statements Year Ended, December 31, 2017.

185 Ashlee Vance, “The Race to Buy the Human Brains Behind Deep Learning Machines”, Bloomberg Business Week, January 27, 2014, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-01-27/the-race-to-buy-the-human-brains-behind-deep-learning-machines

186 Daniela Henrnandez, “Man Behind the ‘Google Brain’ Joins Chinese Search Giant Baidu”, Wired, May 16, 2014.

187 John Tierney, “24 Miles, 4 Minutes and 834 M.P.H., All in One Jump”, New York Times, October 14, 2012, https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/15/us/felix-baumgartner-skydiving.html

188 John Markoff, “Parachutist’s Record Fall: Over 25 Miles in 15 Minutes”, New York Times, October 24, 2014.

189 Google Annual Report, 2013, https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1288776/000128877614000020/goog2013123110-k.htm.

190 Jack Clark,