Третья исповедь экономического убийцы - Джон М. Перкинс

помочь сильно зависящей от нефти экономике Эквадора пережить падение мировых цен на нефть. Эта сумма – самая крупная из тех, что Китай предоставил Эквадору, – увеличивает объем китайского финансирования почти до 25 миллиардов долларов, что составляет более четверти ВВП страны. В 2013 году кредиты Пекина составили 61% внешнего финансирования Эквадора, также Китай закупил 83% эквадорской нефти; этот кредит, несомненно, значительно увеличит оба показателя. (Zuckerman, “Eye on Ecuador: Racking Up the China Debt and Paying It Forward with Oil”, Amazon Watch, January 13, 2015, http://amazonwatch.org/news/2015/0113-racking-up-the-china-debt-and-paying-it-forward-with-oil). В аналитическом материале Wall Street Journal говорится: «В настоящее время кредиты Китая Эквадору превышают 6 миллиардов долларов, в том числе 1,7 миллиарда долларов на финансирование 85% Coca Codo Sinclair, гидроэлектростанции, которая будет построена китайской компанией Sinohydro Corp. в Эквадоре и будет обеспечивать около 75% потребностей страны в электричестве» (Alvaro, “China, Ecuador Sign $2 Billion Loan Deal”). Я решил использовать официальные правительственные данные по долгу, как сообщалось в эквадорской газете El Comercio от 29 июля 2015 г., «La prensa de EE.UU. alerta la dependencia de Ecuador a China».

9

Clifford Krauss and Keith Bradsher, “China’s Global Ambitions, Cash and Strings Attached,” New York Times, July 24, 2015, https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/26/business/international/chinas-global-ambitions-with-loans-and -strings-attached.html.

10

Nicholas Casey and Clifford Krauss, “It Doesn’t Matter if Ecuador Can Afford This Dam. China Still Gets Paid.”, New York Times, December 24, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/24/world/americas/ecuador-china-dam.html?auth=login-google.

11

El Comercio, July 29, 2015, “La Prensa de EE.UU. Alerta de Dependencia de Ecuadora China.”

12

Raquel Carvalho, “How Chinese Projects Are Tearing Communities in Ecuador Apart,” South China Morning Post, May 25, 2019, https://multimedia.scmp.com/week-asia/article/3011618/beijing-conquest-latin-america/chapter02.html.

13

Casey and Krauss, “It Doesn’t Matter.”

14

Raquel Carvalho, “How Chinese Projects Are Tearing Communities in Ecuador Apart,” South China Morning Post, May 25, 2019, https://multi media.scmp.com/week-asia/article/3011618/beijing-conquest-latin-america/chapter02.html.

15

David Dene, Julio Prieto, and EnvJustice, “Mirador: A Mine Full of Mirages,” The Ecologist, February 18, 2019, https://theecologist.org/2019/feb/18/mirador-mine-full-mirages.

16

Ciara Nugent and Charlie Campell, “The U.S. and China Are Battling for Influence in Latin America, and the Pandemic Has Raised the Stakes,” Notes 333. TIME, February 4, 2021, https://time.com/5936037/us-china-latin-america -influence/.

17

Mark P. Sullivan and Thomas Lum, “China’s Engagement with Latin Americaand the Caribbean,” Congressional Research Service, updated May 4, 2022, https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/IF10982.pdf.

18

R. Evan Ellis, “China’s Bid to Dominate Electrical Connectivity in Latin America,” China Brief 21, no. 10 (2021): https://jamestown.org/program/chinas-bid-to-dominate-electrical-connectivity-in-latin-america.

19

China Africa Research Initiative, “Data: Chinese Investment in Africa,” January 10, 2022, http://www.sais-cari.org/chinese-investment-in-africa.

20

Elliot Smith, “The US-China Trade Rivalry Is Underway in Africa, and Washington Is Playing Catch-Up,” CNBC, October 9, 2019, https://www.cnbc.com/2019/10/09/the-us-china-trade-rivalry-is-underway-in-africa.html.

21

ChevronToxico, “A Rainforest Chernobyl,” n.d., http://chevrontoxico.comabout/rainforest-chernobyl/.

22

Stephen Kinzer, All the Shah’s Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror, 2nd ed. (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2008).

23

Jane Mayer, “Contract Sport: What Did the Vice-President Do for Halliburton?”, New Yorker, February 8, 2004, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2004/02/16/contract-sport.

24

Jean Gelman Taylor, Indonesia: Peoples and Histories (New Haven, CT, and London: Yale University Press, 2003); Theodore Friend, Indonesian Destinies (Cambridge, MA, and London: Belknap Press of Harvard University, 2003); Rex Mortimer, Indonesian Communism Under Sukarno: Ideology and Politics, 1959–1965 (Sheffield, UK: Equinox Publishing, 2006).

25

Tim Weiner, “Robert S. McNamara, Architect of a Futile War, Dies at 93,” New York Times, July 7, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/07/us/07mcnamara.html.

26

Susan Rosegrant and David R. Lampe, Route 128: Lessons from Boston’s HighTech Community, paperback ed. (New York: Basic Books, 1993). 334 Notes.

27

Arnold Toynbee and D. C. Somervell, Civilization on Trial and The World and the West (New York: Meridian Books, 1958).

28

See David McCullough, The Path Between the Seas: The Creation of the Panama Canal 1870–1914 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1999); William Friar, Portrait of the Panama Canal: From Construction to the Twenty-First Century (New York: Graphic Arts Publishing Company, 1999); Graham Greene, Conversations with the General (New York: Pocket Books, 1984).

29

See “Zapata Petroleum Corp.”, Fortune, April 1958, 248; Darwin Payne, Initiative in Energy: Dresser Industries, Inc. 1880–1978 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1979); Steve Pizzo et al., Inside Job: The Looting of America’s Savings and Loans (New York: McGraw Hill, 1989); Gary Webb, Dark Alliance: The CIA, The Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion (New York: Seven Stories Press, 1999); Gerard Colby and Charlotte Dennet, Thy Will Be Done, The Conquest of the Amazon: Nelson Rockefeller and Evangelism in the Age of Oil (New York: HarperCollins, 1995).

30

Manuel Noriega with Peter Eisner, The Memoirs of Manuel Noriega, America’s Prisoner (New York: Random House, 1997); Omar Torrijos Herrera, Ideario (San José, Costa Rica: Editorial Universitaria Centroamericano, 1983); Greene, Conversations.

31

Greene, Conversations; Noriega with Eisner, Memoirs.

32

Derrick Jensen, A Language Older than Words (New York: Context Books, 2000), 86–88.

33

Greene, Conversations; Noriega with Eisner, Memoirs.

34

For further reading on the Canal Zone, see John Major, Prize Possession: The United States Government and the Panama Canal 1903–1979 (Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993); David McCullough, The Path Between the Seas: The Creation of the Panama Canal, 1870–1914 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1978).

35

William Shawcross: The Shah’s Last Ride: The Fate of an Ally (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1988);