Власть роботов. Как подготовиться к неизбежному - Мартин Форд

306

Martin Ford, Interview with Stuart Russell, in Architects of Intelligence: The Truth about AI from the People Building It, Packt Publishing, 2018, p. 59.

307

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308

«Russia, United States attempt to legitimize killer robots,» Campaign to Stop Killer Robots, August 22, 2019, www.stopkillerrobots.org/2019/08/russia-united-states-attempt-to-legitimize-killer-robots/.

309

Zachary Kallenborn, «Swarms of mass destruction: The case for declaring armed and fully autonomous drone swarms as WMD,» Modern War Institute, May 28, 2020, mwi.usma.edu/swarms-mass-destruction-case-declaring-armed-fully-autonomous-drone-swarms-wmd/.

310

Kris Osborn, «Here come the Army’s new class of 10-ton robots,» National Interest, May 21, 2020, nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/here-come-armys-new-class-10-ton-robots-156351.

311

Rachel England, «The US Air Force is preparing a human versus AI dogfight,» Engadget, June 8, 2020, www.engadget.com/the-air-force-will-pit-an-autonomous-fighter-drone-against-a-pilot-121526011.html.

312

Kris Osborn, «Robot vs. robot war? Now China has semi-autonomous fighting ground robots,» National Interest, June 15, 2020, nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/robot-vs-robot-war-now-china-has-semi-autonomous-fighting-ground-robots-162782.

313

Neil Johnson, Guannan Zhao, Eric Hunsader, et al., «Abrupt rise of new machine ecology beyond human response time,» Nature Scientific Reports, volume 3, article number 2627 (2013), September 11, 2013, www.nature.com/articles/srep02627.

314

Ford, Interview with Stuart Russell, in Architects of Intelligence, p. 59.

315

Jeffrey Dastin, «Amazon scraps secret AI recruiting tool that showed bias against women,» Reuters, October 10, 2018, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-amazon-com-jobs-automation-insight/amazon-scraps-secret-ai-recruiting-tool-that-showed-bias-against-women-idUSKCN1MK08G.

316

Julia Angwin, Jeff Larson, Surya Mattu and Lauren Kirchner, «Machine bias,» Propublica, May 23, 2016, www.propublica.org/article/machine-bias-risk-assessments-in-criminal-sentencing.

317

Там же.

318

Ford, Interview with James Manyika, in Architects of Intelligence, p. 279.

319

Ford, Interview with Fei-Fei Li, in Architects of Intelligence, p. 157.

320

Stephen Hawking, Stuart Russell, Max Tegmark and Frank Wilczek, «Stephen Hawking: ‘Transcendence looks at the implications of artificial intelligence — but are we taking AI seriously enough?’» The Independent, May 1, 2014, www.independent.co.uk/news/science/stephen-hawking-transcendence-looks-at-the-implications-of-artificial-intelligence-but-are-we-taking-ai-seriously-enough-9313474.html.

321

Бостром Н. Искусственный интеллект: Этапы. Угрозы. Стратегии. — М.: Манн, Иванов и Фербер, 2016.

322

Nick Bostrom, Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies, Oxford University Press, 2014, p. vii.

323

Matt McFarland, «Elon Musk: ‘With artificial intelligence we are summoning the demon,’» Washington Post, October 24, 2014, www.washingtonpost.com/news/innovations/wp/2014/10/24/elon-musk-with-artificial-intelligence-we-are-summoning-the-demon/.

324

Sam Harris, «Can we build AI without losing control over it? (video),» TED Talk, June 2016, www.ted.com/talks/sam_harris_can_we_build_ai_without_losing_control_over_it?language=en.

325

Irving John Good, «Speculations concerning the first ultraintelligent machine,» Advanced in Computers, volume 6, pp. 31–88 (1965), vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/bitstream/handle/10919/89424/TechReport05-3.pdf.

326

Jesselyn Cook, «Hundreds of people share stories about falling down YouTube’s recommendation rabbit hole,» Huffington Post, October 15, 2019, www.huffpost.com/entry/youtube-recommendation-rabbit-hole-mozilla_n_5da5c470e4b08f3654912991.

327

Рассел С. Совместимость: Как контролировать искусственный интеллект. — М.: Альпина нон-фикшн, 2020.

328

Stuart Russell, Human Compatible: Artificial Intelligence and the Problem of Control, Viking, 2019, pp. 173–177.

329

Stuart Russell, «How to stop superhuman A. I. before it stops us,» New York Times, October 8, 2019, www.nytimes.com/2019/10/08/opinion/artificial-intelligence.html.

330

Ford, Interview with Rodney Brooks, in Architects of Intelligence, pp. 440–441.

331

Rebecca Heilweil, «Big tech companies back away from selling facial recognition to police,» Recode, June 11, 2020, www.vox.com/recode/2020/6/10/21287194/amazon-microsoft-ibm-facial-recognition-moratorium-police.

332

Joseph Zeballos-Roig, «Kamala Harris supports $2,000 monthly stimulus checks to help Americans claw out of pandemic ruin — and she’s long backed plans for Democrats to give people more money,» Business Insider, August 15, 2020, www.businessinsider.com/kamala-harris-biden-monthly-stimulus-checks-economic-policy-support-vice-2020-8.

333

Bob Berwyn, «What does ‘12 years to act on climate change’ (now 11 years) really mean?» Inside Climate News, August 27, 2019, insideclimatenews.org/news/27082019/12-years-climate-change-explained-ipcc-science-solutions.

334

Bill Gates, «COVID-19 is awful. Climate change could be worse,» Gates Notes, August 4, 2020, www.gatesnotes.com/Energy/Climate-and-COVID-19.

335

Bill Gates, «Climate change and the 75 % problem,» Gates Notes, October 17, 2018, www.gatesnotes.com/Energy/My-plan-for-fighting-climate-change.

336

Nicholas Bloom, Charles I. Jones, John Van Reenen and Michael Webb, «Are ideas getting harder to find?» American Economic Review, volume 110, issue 4, pp. 1104–1144 (April 2020), www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/aer.20180338, p. 1138.

337

Mark Aguiar, Mark Bils, Kerwin Kofi Charles and Erik Hurst, «Leisure luxuries and the labor supply of young men,» National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper 23552, June 2017, www.nber.org/papers/w23552.