Власть роботов. Как подготовиться к неизбежному - Мартин Форд

264

Amy B. Wang, «A suspect tried to blend in with 60,000 concertgoers. China’s facial-recognition cameras caught him,» Washington Post, April 13, 2018, www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2018/04/13/china-crime-facial-recognition-cameras-catch-suspect-at-concert-with-60000-people/.

265

Paul Mozur, «Inside China’s dystopian dreams: A. I., shame and lots of cameras,» New York Times, July 8, 2018, nytimes.com/2018/07/08/business/china-surveillance-technology.html.

266

Paul Moser, «One month, 500,000 face scans: How China is using A. I. to profile a minority,» New York Times, April 14, 2019, www.nytimes.com/2019/04/14/technology/china-surveillance-artificial-intelligence-racial-profiling.html.

267

Там же.

268

Буквально — «огненный глаз». — Прим. пер.

269

Simina Mistreanu, «Life inside China’s social credit laboratory,» Foreign Policy, April 3, 2018, foreignpolicy.com/2018/04/03/life-inside-chinas-social-credit-laboratory/.

270

Echo Huang, «Garbage-sorting violators in China now risk being punished with a junk credit rating,» Quartz, January 8, 2018, qz.com/1173975/garbage-sorting-violators-in-china-risk-getting-a-junk-credit-rating/.

271

Maya Wang, «China’s chilling ‘social credit’ blacklist,» Human Rights Watch, December 12, 2017, www.hrw.org/news/2017/12/13/chinas-chilling-social-credit-blacklist.

272

Nicole Kobie, «The complicated truth about China’s social credit system,» Wired, June 7, 2019, www.wired.co.uk/article/china-social-credit-system-explained.

273

Steven Feldstein, «The global expansion of AI surveillance,» Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, September 17, 2019, carnegieendowment.org/2019/09/17/global-expansion-of-ai-surveillance-pub-79847.

274

Yuan Yang and Madhumita Murgia, «Facial recognition: How China cornered the surveillance market,» Financial Times, December 6, 2019, www.ft.com/content/6f1a8f48-1813-11ea-9ee4-11f260415385.

275

Russell Brandon, «The case against Huawei, explained,» The Verge, May 22, 2019, www.theverge.com/2019/5/22/18634401/huawei-ban-trump-case-infrastructure-fears-google-microsoft-arm-security.

276

Will Knight, «Trump’s latest salvo against China targets AI firms,» Wired, October 9, 2019, www.wired.com/story/trumps-salvo-against-china-targets-ai-firms/.

277

Kashmir Hill, «The secretive company that might end privacy as we know it,» New York Times, January 18, 2020, www.nytimes.com/2020/01/18/technology/clearview-privacy-facial-recognition.html.

278

Там же.

279

Там же.

280

Ryan Mac, Caroline Haskins and Logan McDonald, «Clearview’s facial recognition app has been used by the Justice Department, ICE, Macy’s, Walmart, and the NBA,» BuzzFeed News, February 27, 2020, www.buzzfeednews.com/article/ryanmac/clearview-ai-fbi-ice-global-law-enforcement.

281

Alfred Ng and Steven Musil, «Clearview AI hit with cease-and-desist from Google, Facebook over facial recognition collection,» CNET, February 5, 2020, www.cnet.com/news/clearview-ai-hit-with-cease-and-desist-from-google-over-facial-recognition-collection/.

282

Zack Whittaker, «Apple has blocked Clearview AI’s iPhone app for violating its rules,» TechCrunch, February 28, 2020, techcrunch.com/2020/02/28/apple-ban-clearview-iphone/.

283

Nick Statt, «ACLU sues facial recognition firm Clearview AI, calling it a ‘nightmare scenario’ for privacy,» The Verge, May 28, 2020, www.theverge.com/2020/5/28/21273388/aclu-clearview-ai-lawsuit-facial-recognition-database-illinois-biometric-laws.

284

Paul Bischoff, «Surveillance camera statistics: Which cities have the most CCTV cameras?» Comparitech, August 1, 2019, www.comparitech.com/vpn-privacy/the-worlds-most-surveilled-cities/.

285

«Met Police to deploy facial recognition cameras,» BBC, January 30, 2020, www.bbc.com/news/uk-51237665.

286

Clare Garvie, Alvaro Bedoya and Jonathan Frankle, «The perpetual line-up: Unregulated police face recognition in America,» Georgetown Law Center on Privacy and Technology, October 18, 2016, www.perpetuallineup.org/.

287

«Met Police to deploy facial recognition cameras.»

288

London Real, «Jonathan Haidt — Free range kids: How to give your children more freedom (video),» October 27, 2018, www.youtube.com/watch?v=GPTei2sroIk.

289

Isabella Garcia, «Can facial recognition overcome its racial bias?» Yes! Magazine, April 16, 2020, www.yesmagazine.org/social-justice/2020/04/16privacy-facial-recognition/.

290

Sasha Ingber, «Facial recognition software wrongly identifies 28 lawmakers as crime suspects,» NPR, July 26, 2018, www.npr.org/2018/07/26/632724239/facial-recognition-software-wrongly-identifies-28-lawmakers-as-crime-suspects.

291

Patrick Grother, Mei Ngan and Kayee Hanaoka, «Face Recognition Vendor Test (FRVT) Part 3: Demographic effects,» National Institute of Standards and Technology, December 2019, nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/ir/2019/NIST.IR.8280.pdf.

292

Garcia, «Can facial recognition overcome its racial bias?»

293

Amy Hawkins, «Beijing’s big brother tech needs African faces,» Foreign Policy, July 24, 2018, foreignpolicy.com/2018/07/24/beijings-big-brother-tech-needs-african-faces/.

294

«Fake voices ‘help cyber-crooks steal cash,’» BBC News, July 8, 2019, www.bbc.com/news/technology-48908736.

295

Martin Giles, «The GANfather: The man who’s given machines the gift of imagination,» MIT Technology Review, February 21, 2018, www.technologyreview.com/2018/02/21/145289/the-ganfather-the-man-whos-given-machines-the-gift-of-imagination/.

296

James Vincent, «Watch Jordan Peele use AI to make Barack Obama deliver a PSA about fake news,» The Verge, April 17, 2018, www.theverge.com/tldr/2018/4/17/17247334/ai-fake-news-video-barack-obama-jordanpeele-buzzfeed.

297

Sensity, «The state of deepfakes 2019: Landscape, threats, and impact,» September 2019, sensity.ai/reports/.

298

Ian Sample, «What are deepfakes — and how can you spot them?» The Guardian, January 13, 2020, www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/jan/13/what-are-deepfakes-and-how-can-you-spot-them.

299

Lex Fridman, «Ian Goodfellow: Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs),» Artificial Intelligence Podcast, episode 19, April 18, 2019, lexfridman.com/ian-goodfellow/. (Есть видео и аудио-подкаст.)

300

J. J. McCorvey, «This image-authentication startup is combating faux social media accounts, doctored photos, deep fakes, and more,» Fast Company, February 19, 2019, www.fastcompany.com/90299000/truepic-most-innovative-companies-2019.

301

Ian Goodfellow, Nicolas Papernot, Sandy Huang, et al., «Attacking machine learning with adversarial examples,» OpenAI Blog, February 24, 2017, openai.com/blog/adversarial-example-research/.

302

Anant Jain, «Breaking neural networks with adversarial attacks,» Towards Data Science, February 9, 2019, towardsdatascience.com/breaking-neural-networks-with-adversarial-attacks-f4290a9a45aa.

303

Там же.

304

Slaughterbots, released November 12, 2017, Space Digital, www.youtube.com/watch?reload=9&v=9CO6M2HsoIA.

305

Stuart Russell, «Building a lethal autonomous weapon is easier than building a self-driving car. A new