Как почти честно выиграть выборы - Ник Чизмен

317

Богатую теоретическим материалом дискуссию о том, как произошла эта мобилизация, см.: Catherine Boone (2011), “Politically Allocated Land Rights and the Geography of Electoral Violence: The Case of Kenya in the 1990s”, Comparative Political Studies 44, no. 10 (2011): 1311–42.

318

Joel D. Barkan. “Kenya: Lessons from a Flawed Election”, Journal of Democracy 4, no. 3: 85–99.

319

Kenya Human Rights Commission. “Surviving After Torture: A Case Digest on the Struggle for Justice by Torture Survivors in Kenya”.

320

Николо Макиавелли – знаменитый итальянский мыслитель эпохи Возрождения, автор трактата «Государь», в котором тезис «цель оправдывает средства» считается ключевым в управлении. В этой работе Макиавелли озвучивает и принцип «разделяй и властвуй». – Прим. ред.

321

Susanne D. Mueller. “Dying to Win: Elections, Political Violence, and Institutional Decay in Kenya”, Journal of Contemporary African Studies 29, no. 1 (2011): 99–117; Kenyan Commission of Inquiry into Post Election Violence. “Report of the Commission of Inquiry into Post-Election Violence (CIPEV)”, 2008; Human Rights Watch (1993), “State-sponsored Ethnic Violence in Kenya”.

322

David W. Throup and Charles Hornsby. MultiParty Politics in Kenya: The Kenyatta and Moi States and the Triumph of the System in the 1992 Election (London: James Currey, 1998): 93.

323

Cheeseman (2015), Democracy in Africa, 185–6.

324

Walter O. Oyugi. “Ethnicity in the Electoral Process: The 1992 General Elections in Kenya”, African Journal of Political Science/Revue Africaine de Science Politique 2, no. 1 (1997): 41–69, 49–53.

325

Maurice N. Amutabi. “Beyond Imperial Presidency in Kenya: Interrogating the Kenyatta, Moi and Kibaki Regimes and Implications for Democracy and Development”, Kenya Studies Review 1, no. 1 (2009): 64.

326

Throup and Hornsby (1998), MultiParty Politics in Kenya, 142–60.

327

UNHCR. “Kenya: aftermath of the elections”, 15 March 2007; http://archive.li/yTK7O (дата обращения – 15 декабря 2017).

328

Одно из классических обсуждений антиколониальной политической организации представлено в книге: Thomas L. Hodgkin. Nationalism in Colonial Africa (London: Muller, 1956).

329

Cherry J. Gertzel and Morris Szeftel. The Dynamics of the OneParty State in Zambia (Manchester University Press, 1984); Jan Pettman. “Zambia’s Second Republic: The Establishment of a One-party State”, Journal of Modern African Studies 12, no. 2 (1984): 231–44.

330

Gwendolen Margaret Carter and Charles F. Gallagher (eds). African OneParty States, vol. 2, no. 2 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1962).

331

Этот раздел опирается в основном на: Cheeseman (2015), Democracy in Africa, chapter 5.

332

Peter Uvin. “Ethnicity and Power in Burundi and Rwanda: Different Paths to Mass Violence”, Comparative Politics 31, no. 3 (1999): 253–71.

333

Scott Straus. The Order of Genocide: Race, Power, and War in Rwanda (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2013): 197–9.

334

Alison Des Forges. Leave None to Tell Their Story: Genocide in Rwanda (New York: Human Rights Watch, 1999): 54.

335

Christine L. Kellow and H. Leslie Steeves. “The Role of Radio in the Rwandan Genocide”, Journal of Communication 48, no. 3 (1998): 107–28.

336

Слово означает «те, кто нападает вместе». – Прим. пер.

337

Ряд других иностранных правительств, включая США, подвергается критике за медленную реакцию, но Франция, судя по всему, больше других причастна непосредственно к геноциду. См.: Daniela Kroslak. The Role of France in the Rwandan Genocide (London: Hurst & Co, 2007); Stephen D. Goose and Frank Smyth. “Arming Genocide in Rwanda”, Foreign Affairs 75, no. 5 (1994): 86–96.

338

Cheeseman (2015), Democracy in Africa, 157–62.

339

Des Forges (1999) Leave none to tell their story, 54.

340

Des Forges (1999) Leave none to tell their story, 54.

341

Peter Robinson and Golriz Ghahraman. “Can Rwandan President Kagame Be Held Responsible at the ICTR for the Killing of President Habyarimana?”, Journal of International Criminal Justice 6, no. 5 (2008): 981–94; René Lemarchand. “Rwanda: The Rationality of Genocide”, African Issues 23, no. 2 (1995): 8–11.

342

Linda Melvern. Conspiracy to Murder: The Rwandan Genocide (London: Verso, 2006): 44–6.

343

Kriger (2005), “ZANU (PF) Strategies in General Elections, 1980–2000”.

344

Cheeseman and Tendi (2010), “Power-sharing in Comparative Perspective”.

345

Ian Scoones. “Zimbabwe’s Land Reform: New Political Dynamics in the Countryside”, Review of African Political Economy 42, no. 144 (2015): 190–205; подробнее см.: Charles Laurie and Stephen Chan. The Land Reform Deception: Political Opportunism in Zimbabwe’s Land Seizure Era (Oxford University Press, 2016).

346

Jocelyn Alexander, Joanne McGregor and Terence Osborn Ranger. Violence and Memory: One Hundred Years in the ‘Dark Forests’ of Matabeleland, Zimbabwe (Melton: Heinemann and James Currey, 2000).

347

Terence Ranger. “Nationalist Historiography, Patriotic History and the History of the Nation: The Struggle Over the Past in Zimbabwe”, Journal of Southern African Studies 30, no. 2 (2004): 215–34.

348

Blessing-Miles Tendi. Making History in Mugabe’s Zimbabwe: Politics, Intellectuals, and the Media (New York: Peter Lang, 2010): 2.

349

Blessing-Miles Tendi. Making History in Mugabe’s Zimbabwe: Politics, Intellectuals, and the Media (New York: Peter Lang, 2010): 2.

350

Cheeseman (2015), Democracy in Africa, 161–2.