Как почти честно выиграть выборы - Ник Чизмен

445

Judd Legum. “Trump Mentioned WikiLeaks 164 Times in last Month of Election, Now Claims It Didn’t Impact One Voter”, ThinkProgress, 8 January; https://thinkprogress.org/trump-mentioned-wikileaks164-times-in-last-month-of-election-now-claims-it-didnt-impactone40aa62ea5002 (дата обращения – 16 ноября 2017).

446

David Folkenflik. “Behind Fox News’ Baseless Seth Rich Story: The Untold Tale”, NPR, 1 August 2017; http://www.npr.org/2017/08/01/540783715/lawsuit-alleges-fox-news-and-trump-supporter-created-fakenews-story (дата обращения – 16 ноября 2017).

447

“Washington Gunman Motivated By Fake News ‘Pizzagate’ Conspiracy”, Guardian, 5 December 2016; https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/dec/05/gunman-detained-at-comet-pizza-restaurant-was-self-investigating-fake-news-reports (дата обращения – 16 ноября 2017).

448

Nicholas Confessore and Danny Hakim. “Data Firm Says ‘Secret’ Sauce Aided Trump; Many Scoff”, New York Times, 6 March 2017; https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/06/us/politics/cambridge-analytica.html (дата обращения – 17 ноября 2017).

449

Carole Cadwalladr. “The Great British Brexit Robbery: How Our Democracy Was Hijacked”, Observer, 7 May 2017; https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/may/07/the-great-british-brexit-robbery-hijacked-democracy (дата обращения – 16 ноября 2017).

450

Партия Независимости Соединенного Королевства (United Kingdom Independence Party) – британская политическая партия, требующая выхода страны из Евросоюза и придерживающаяся правых консервативных взглядов. – Прим. ред.

451

Jamie Doward and Alice Gibbs. “Did Cambridge Analytica Influence the Brexit Vote and the US Election?”, Guardian, 4 March 2017; https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/mar/04/nigel-oakes-cambridge-an-alytica-what-role-brexit-trump (дата обращения – 15 декабря 2017).

452

Sam Bright. “After Trump, ‘Big Data’ Firm Cambridge Analytica is Now Working in Kenya”, BBC News, 3 August 2017; http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/blogs-trending-40792078 (дата обращения – 17 ноября 2017).

453

Privacy International. “Texas Media Company Hired by Trump Created Kenyan President’s Viral ‘Anonymous’ Attack Campaign Against Rival, New Investigation Reveals”, 13 December 2017; https://www.privacyinternational.org/node/1563 (дата обращения – 15 декабря 2017).

454

“Technology Against Tricksters”, Africa Confidential 57, no. 18 (2016).

455

Oliver Wright. “Cameron’s Favorite Pollsters Hand Dictator 96 Per Cent Approval Rating”, Independent, 24 November 2011; http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/camerons-favourite-pollsters-hand-dictator-96-per-cent-approval-rating-6267065.html (дата обращения – 17 ноября 2017).

456

Oliver Wright. “Cameron’s Favorite Pollsters Hand Dictator 96 Per Cent Approval Rating”, Independent, 24 November 2011; http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/camerons-favourite-pollsters-hand-dictator-96-per-cent-approval-rating-6267065.html (дата обращения – 17 ноября 2017).

457

Scott Shackelford, Bruce Schneier, Michael Sulmeyer, Anne E. Boustead, Ben Buchanan, Amanda Craig, Trey Herr and Jessica Zhanna Malekos Smith. “Making Democracy Harder to Hack”, University of Michigan Journal of Legal Reform 50 (2016): 629–60.

458

Scott Shackelford, Bruce Schneier, Michael Sulmeyer, Anne E. Boustead, Ben Buchanan, Amanda Craig, Trey Herr and Jessica Zhanna Malekos Smith. “Making Democracy Harder to Hack”, University of Michigan Journal of Legal Reform 50 (2016): 629–60.

459

Dustin Volz and Julia Edwards Ainsley. “Russians Targeted 21 Election Systems, US Official Says”, Reuters, 21 June 2017; http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-cyber-congress-idUSKBN19C1Y3 (дата обращения – 17 ноября 2017).

460

Jason Murdock. “Mexico Election Hack: Political Party Behind Leak of 93.4 Million Voter Records?”, International Business Times, 25 April 2016; http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/mexico-election-hack-political-party-behind-leak-93–4-million-voter-records-1556608 (дата обращения – 17 ноября 2017).

461

Scott Shackelford et al. “Making Democracy Harder to Hack: Should Elections Be Classified As ‘Critical Infrastructure?’”, Kelley School of Business Research Paper no. 16–75 (2016); https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2852461 (дата обращения – 18 января 2018).

462

“Statement by Secretary Jeh Johnson on the Designation of Election Infrastructure as a Critical Infrastructure Subsector”, US Department of Homeland Security, 6 January2017.

463

Benjamin Wittes and Susan Hennessey. “Jeff Sessions Just Confessed His Negligence on Russia”, Foreign Policy, 20 October 2017; http://foreign-policy.com/2017/10/20/jeff-sessions-just-confessed-his-negligence-onrussia (дата обращения – 17 ноября 2017).

464

Shackelford et al. (2016), “Making Democracy Harder to Hack”, 629.

465

Подробнее об Africa Check см.: https://africacheck.org (дата обращения – 17 ноября 2017).

466

Подробнее о Международной сети фактчекинга (IFCN) см.: Poynter. “International Fact-Checking Network Fact-checkers Code of Principles”; доступно по адресу https://www.poynter.org/international-fact-checking-network-fact-checkers-code-principles (дата обращения – 17 ноября 2017).

467

Josh Constine. “Facebook Tries Fighting Fake News with Publisher Info Button on Links”, TechCrunch, 5 October 2017; https://techcrunch.com/2017/10/05/facebook-article-information-button (дата обращения – 17 ноября 2017).

468

Alex Hern. “Google Acts Against Fake News on Search Engine”, Guardian, 25 April 2017; https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/apr/25/google-launches-major-offensive-against-fake-news (дата обращения – 17 ноября 2017).

469

Daisuke Wakabayashi and Linda Qiu. “Google Serves Fake News Ads in an Unlikely Place: Fact-checking Sites”, New York Times, 17 October 2017; https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/17/technology/google-fake-ads-fact-check.html (дата обращения – 17 ноября 2017).

470

Thomas P. Wolf. “‘Poll Poison?’: Politicians and Polling in the 2007 Kenya Election”, Journal of Contemporary African Studies 27, no. 3 (2009): 279–304.

471

Cheeseman (2008), “The Kenyan Elections of 2007”.

472

Oscar Obonyo. “If Kivuitu Were to Speak, What Would Be the Punch?”, 14 December 2008; https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/1144001701/if-kivuitu-were-to-speak-what-would-be-the-punch (дата обращения – 15 декабря 2017); “Curtain Falls on Unrepentant Kivuitu”, The Star, 27 February 2013.

473

Daniel Branch and Nic Cheeseman. “Democratization, Sequencing, and State Failure in Africa: Lessons from Kenya”, African Affairs 108, no. 430 (2008): 1–26, 17.

474

David W. Throup. “The Count”, Journal of Eastern African Studies 2, no. 2 (2008): 290–304.

475

Ник Чизман работал наблюдателем и находился в помещении, когда людям, следящим за объявлением официальных результатов, было приказано уйти.

476

Abiya Ochola and Elizabeth Mwai. “Kenya: Poll Lacks Credibility, Says EU Observers”, East African Standard, 2 January2008; http://allafrica.com/stories/200801020008.html (дата обращения – 17 ноября 2017).

477

Branch and Cheeseman (2008), “Democratization, Sequencing,