Как почти честно выиграть выборы - Ник Чизмен

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Для критического обзора, демонстрирующего, что расширение среднего класса (а более конкретно – введение тайного голосования) стало важным фактором в избирательной реформе в США, см. Jan Teorell, Daniel Ziblatt and Fabrice Lehoucq (2017), “An Introduction to Special Issue: The Causes and Consequences of Secret Ballot Reform”, Comparative Political Studies 50, no. 5: 531–54. Ник Чизман выражает признательность Халфдану Линг-Мангейре за крайне полезное обсуждение этой темы.

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Chester Lloyd Jones. “The Rotten Boroughs of New England”, North American Review 197, no. 689 (1913): 486–98; Christopher Kam. “Partisanship, Enfranchisement, and the Political Economy of Electioneering in the United Kingdom, 1826–1906”, неопубликованная рукопись, University of British Columbia, 2009: 19; Christopher Kam. “The Secret Ballot and the Market for Votes at 19th-century British Elections”, Comparative Political Studies 50, no. 5 (2017): 594–635.

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О важности роста в интересах бедных слоев населения и определении этого термина см.: Nanak Kakwani and Ernesto M. Pernia (2000), “What is Pro-Poor Growth?”, Asian Development Review 18, no. 1: 1–16; Roberto Perotti (1996), “Growth, Income Distribution, and Democracy: What the Data Say”, Journal of Economic Growth 1, no. 2: 149–87.

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Cheeseman (2015). Democracy in Africa, 1–5.

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Pascal Fletcher. “Africa’s Emerging Middle Class Drives Growth and Development”, Reuters, 10 May 2013; http://www.reuters.com/article/us-africa-investment/africas-emerging-middle-class-drives-growth-and-democracy-idUSBRE9490DV20130510 (дата обращения – 15 ноября 2017); Lee Jong-Wha. “The Bright Future of Asia’s Middle Class”, Huffington Post, без даты; https://www.huffingtonpost.com/lee-jongwha/future-asia-middle-class_b_6928250.html (дата обращения – 15 ноября 2017).

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Самая известная из них представлена в Barrington Moore (1993), Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World (Boston, MA: Beacon Press).

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African Development Bank. “The middle of the Pyramid: Dynamics of the Middle Class in Africa”, 2011: 1.

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Nic Cheeseman. “No Bourgeoisie, No Democracy? The Political Attitudes of the Kenyan Middle Class”, Journal of International Development 27, no. 5 (2015): 647–64.

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Nic Cheeseman. “No Bourgeoisie, No Democracy? The Political Attitudes of the Kenyan Middle Class”, Journal of International Development 27, no. 5 (2015): c. 648.

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Alvarez, Hall and Hyde (2008). Election Fraud.

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Norad. “Democracy Support Through the United Nations, Literature Review: What Have We Learnt About Donors’ Support for Democratic Development?”, Oslo: Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation, 2010): 49; https://www.oecd.org/derec/norway/48085855.pdf (дата обращения – 15 ноября 2017).

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Aldar Kusainov. “Kazakhstan: Mysterious Murder Mars Presidential Election Campaign”, EurasiaNet, 13 November 2005.

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Rico Isaacs (2010), “‘Papa’: Nursultan Nazarbayev and the Discourse of Charismatic Leadership and Nation-Building in Post-Soviet Kazakhstan”, Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism 10, no. 3 (2010): 435–52.

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Tor Bukkvoll. “Astana’s Privatised Independence: Private and National Interests in the Foreign Policy of Nursultan Nazarbayev”, Nationalities Papers 32, no. 3 (2004): 631–50.

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“From Astana to ‘Syriana’”, New Yorker, 12 April 2011; http://archives.newyorker.com/?i=2001–07–09#folio=048 (дата обращения – 16 ноября 2017).

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См., например: Sebastien Peyrouse. “The Kazakh Neopatrimonial Regime: Balancing Uncertainties Among The ‘Family’, Oligarchs and Technocrats”, Demokratizatsiya 20, no. 4 (2012): 345.

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Peter Baker. “As Kazakh Scandal Unfolds, Soviet-style Reprisals Begin”, Washington Post, 11 June 2011; http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2002–06–11/news/0206110214_1_nursultan-nazarbayev-oil-rich-former-soviet-republic-soviet-union (дата обращения – 16 ноября 2017).

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Edward Schatz. “The Soft Authoritarian Tool Kit: Agenda-Setting Power in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan”, Comparative Politics 41, no. 2 (2009): 203–22.

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OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights. “Kazakhstan: Presidential Election, 4 December 2005 – Needs Assessment Mission report”; http://www.osce.org/odihr/elections/kazakhstan/16553 (дата обращения – 16 ноября 2017).

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Collier (2008), Wars, Guns and Votes, 2.

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Mahmood Mamdani. When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda (Princeton University Press, 2014).

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См.: Herman Schwartz. The Struggle for Constitutional Justice in PostCommunist Europe (University of Chicago Press, 2000); Grzegorz Ekiert (2013), “The Illiberal Challenge in Post-Communist Europe”, Taiwan Journal of Democracy 8, no. 2: 63–78.

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Peace Medie. “The Police: Laws, Prosecutions and Women’s Rights in Liberia” // Nic Cheeseman (ed.). Institutions and Democracy in Africa (Cambridge University Press, 2008): 137–48.

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Ранний анализ см.: Joel G. Verner. “The Independence of Supreme Courts in Latin America: A Review of the Literature”, Journal of Latin American Studies 16, no. 2 (1984): 463–506. Случай Мексики – см.: Julio Ríos-Figueroa. “Fragmentation of Power and the Emergence of an Effective Judiciary in Mexico, 1994–2002”, Latin American Politics and Society 49, no. 1 (2007): 31–57. Важно отметить, что остаются серьезные проблемы. См.: William C. Prillaman. The Judiciary and Democratic Decay in Latin America: Declining Confidence in the Rule of Law (Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000).

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Подробнее см. на сайте Международной кризисной группы – https://www.crisisgroup.org (дата обращения – 16 ноября 2017).

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Emilie Hafner-Burton, Susan D. Hyde and Ryan S. Jablonski. “When Do Governments Resort to Election Violence?”, British Journal of Political Science 44, no. 1 (2014): 149–79.

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Steven Levitsky and Lucan A. Way. “Linkage Versus Leverage: Rethinking the International Dimension of Regime Change”, Comparative Politics 38, no. 4 (2006): 379–400; Steven Levitsky and Lucan Way. “International Linkage and Democratization”, Journal of Democracy 16, no. 3 (2005): 20–34.

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William Reno (1995), Corruption and State Politics in Sierra Leone (Cambridge University Press, 1995).

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Подробнее о Международном уголовном