Как почти честно выиграть выборы - Ник Чизмен

Metin Heper and Şule Toktaş. “Islam, Modernity, and Democracy in Contemporary Turkey: The Case of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan”, Muslim World 93, no. 2 (2003): 157–85. Дальнейшую дискуссию см.: Soner Cagaptay. The New Sultan: Erdogan and the Crisis of Modern Turkey (New York: I. B. Tauris, 2017).

510

Tezcan Gumus. “Turkey is About to Use Democracy to End its Democracy”, Quartz, 5 April 2017; http://qz.com/950313/turkey-ispreparing-to-vote-on-a-constitutional-referendum-that-gives-president-recep-tayyiperdogan-unprecedented-power (дата обращения – 17 ноября 2017).

511

Patrick Kingsley (2017), “Videos Fuel Charges of Fraud in Erdogan’s Win in Turkey”, New York Times, 18 April 2017; http://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/18/world/europe/turkey-referendum-is-haunted-by-allegations-of-voter-fraud.html (дата обращения – 17 ноября 2017).

512

Patrick Kingsley (2017), “Videos Fuel Charges of Fraud in Erdogan’s Win in Turkey”, New York Times, 18 April 2017; http://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/18/world/europe/turkey-referendum-is-haunted-by-allegations-of-voter-fraud.html (дата обращения – 17 ноября 2017).

513

Kadir Yildrim. “How Erdogan Won More Power but Lost Legitimacy in Turkey’s Constitutional Referendum”, Washington Post, 17 April 2017.

514

Ник Чизман, интервью с бывшим наблюдателем, Найроби, Кения, октябрь 2017.

515

Alex Scacco and Bernd Beber. “What the Numbers Say: A digit-based Test for Election Fraud”, Political Analysis 20, no. 2 (2012): 235–47.

516

Nicole Beardsworth and Nic Cheeseman. “How to Win an Election in Uganda”, Newsweek, 16 March 2016; http://www.newsweek.com/uganda-elections-2016-yoweri-museveni-437049 (дата обращения – 17 ноября 2017).

517

Edris Kiggundu and Sulaiman Kakaire. “Museveni Voted for by Poorest Ugandans”, Observer (Uganda), 29 February 2016; http://observer.ug/news-headlines/42872-museveni-voted-for-by-poorest-ugandans (дата обращения – 15 декабря 2015).

518

См.: Charles Hornsby. Kenya: A History Since Independence (London: I. B. Tauris, 2011): 534.

519

“Venezuela Vote: Authorities Reject Inflation Claim”, BBC News, 3 August 2017.

520

“Venezuela Vote: Turnout Figure Tampered With”, BBC News, 2 August 2017.

521

Girish Gupta. “Exclusive: Venezuelan Vote Data Casts Doubt on Turnout at Sunday Poll”, Reuters, 2 August 2017; http://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics-vote-exclusive-idUSKBN1AI0AL (дата обращения – 17 ноября 2017).

522

Amanda Erickson. “8 Important Keys to Understanding Venezuela’s Controversial Election”, Washington Post, 29 July 2017; https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/07/29/8-important-keys-to-understanding-venezuelas-controversial-election/?utm_term=.b5f0e6e7e134 (дата обращения – 15 декабря 2017).

523

Обсуждение формирования коалиции и отношения депутатов к парламентскому большинству см.: Paul Chaisty, Nic Cheeseman and Tim Power. Coalitional Presidentialism in Comparative Perspective: Minority Presidents in Multiparty Systems (Oxford University Press): 46–75, 120–42.

524

Nic Cheeseman, Gabrielle Lynch and Justin Willis “Digital Dilemmas: The Unintended Consequences of Election Technology”, Democratization (в печати).

525

Cheeseman, Lynch and Willis (2017), “Ghana: The Ebbing Power of Incumbency”.

526

Национальный демократический институт отдаленно связан с Демократической партией и получал существенное бюджетное финансирование на поддержку демократии и выборов за рубежом. Подробнее о том, как и где он проводит параллельные подсчеты, см.: NDI (2017), “Parallel Vote Tabulations”.

527

Commonwealth Observer Group. “Nigeria Elections 2015: Arrival Statement”; http://thecommonwealth.org/media/news/nigeria-elections-2015-arrival-statement-commonwealth-observer-group (дата обращения – 17 ноября 2017).

528

Этот оптимизм хорошо подытожен в статьях: Alan Gelb and Julia Clark. “Identification for Development: The Biometrics Revolution”, Center for Global Development Working Paper, no. 315 (2013); https://www.cgdev.org/sites/default/files/1426862_file_Biometric_ID_for_Development.pdf (дата обращения – 17 ноября 2017); Alan Gelb and Anna Diofasi. “Biometric Elections in Poor Countries: Wasteful or a Worthwhile Investment?”, Center for Global Development Working Paper, no. 435 (2016).

529

См. главу 6. – Прим. ред.

530

Michael David-Fox. “The Myth of the Soviet Potemkin Village”, Université Paris 1 Panthéon Sorbonne and ENS ‘La Russie aux XIXe et XXe siècles: politique intérieure et influences internationales’ seminar series (без даты).

531

Freedom House. “Freedom in the World 2013”; https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/freedom-world-2013 (дата обращения – 17 ноября 2017).

532

Andrew Hough. “Azerbaijan President’s Son, 12, ‘Buys £30m Worth of Luxury Dubai Property’”, Daily Telegraph, 5 March 2010.

533

Joshua Keating. “Azerbaijan Accidentally Releases Election Results before Vote… the President Does Even Better”, Slate, 10 October 2013; http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_world_/2013/10/10/azerbaijan_election_rigging_president_does_even_better_than_the_early_results.html (дата обращения – 17 ноября 2017).

534

Fisher (2013), “Oops”.

535

Fisher (2013), “Oops”.

536

Council of Europe. “Presidential Election in Azerbaijan: Joint Statement by PACE and EP Delegations”; https://www.coe.int/en/web/portal/-/presidential-election-in-azerbaijan-joint-statement-by-pace-and-ep-delegations (дата обращения – 17 ноября 2017).

537

Alexander Cooley. “Countering Democratic Norms”, Journal of Democracy 26, no. 3 (2015): 49–63. См. также: Christopher Walker. “The Hijacking of ‘Soft Power’”, Journal of Democracy 27, no. 1 (2016): 49–63.

538

Cheeseman (2015), Democracy in Africa, 114–15.

539

См., например: Thomas Carothers. Aiding Democracy Abroad: The Learning Curve (Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2011).

540

Samuel Ramani. “Three Reasons the US Won’t Break with Azerbaijan over Its Violations of Human Rights and Democratic Freedoms”, Washington Post, 20 January 2016.

541

“FACTBOX – Azerbaijan’s Main Gas Fields”, Reuters, 24 February 2017; http://uk.reuters.com/article/azerbaijan-gasidUKL8N1G53VT (дата обращения – 17 ноября 2017).

542

David M. Herszenhorn. “Observers Differ on Fairness of Election in Azerbaijan”, New York Times, 10 October 2013; http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/11/world/asia/observers-say-azerbaijan-election-marredby-fraud.html (дата обращения – 17 ноября 2017).

543

Carothers (2003), “Promoting Democracy and Fighting Terror”.

544

Levitsky and Way (2006), “Linkage Versus Leverage”.

545

Carothers (2003), “Promoting Democracy and Fighting Terror”.

546

“Observer Says 2.5 Million Turkish Referendum Votes Could Have Been Manipulated”, Reuters, 18 April 2017; доступно по