Как почти честно выиграть выборы - Ник Чизмен

78

Public Policy Polling (2013), “Congress Somewhere Below Cockroaches, Traffic Jams, and Nickelback in Americans’ Esteem”; http://www.publicpolicypolling.com/pdf/2011/PPP_Release_Natl_010813_.pdf (дата обращения – 11 ноября 2017).

79

Ballotpedia (2016), “US House: Post-Election Partisan Control”; http://ballotpedia.org/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections,_2016 (дата обращения – 11 ноября 2017).

80

Rick Pearson. “Federal Court Upholds Illinois Congressional Map”, Chicago Tribune, 16 December 2011; доступно по адресу http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2011–12–16/news/ct-met-congress-mapcourt-20111216_1_congressional-map-earmuff-shaped-new-map (дата обращения – 11 ноября 2017).

81

Нижняя палата Конгресса США. Каждый штат в ней представлен пропорционально численности населения. – Прим. ред.

82

Jowei Chen and David Cottrell. “Evaluating Partisan Gains from Congressional Gerrymandering: Using Computer Simulations to Estimate the Effect of Gerrymandering in the US House”, Electoral Studies 44 (2016): 329–30.

83

Jowei Chen and Jonathon Rodden. “Unintentional Gerrymandering: Political Geography and Electoral Bias in Legislatures”, Quarterly Journal of Political Science 8, no. 3 (2013) 239–69.

84

Laura Royden and Michael Li. “Extreme Maps”, Brennan Center for Justice, 9 May 2017; http://www.brennancenter.org/publication/extreme-maps (дата обращения – 11 ноября 2017).

85

Ballotpedia (2016), “US House”.

86

Ballotpedia (2016), “US House”.

87

Внутрипартийные выборы (предварительное голосование) – выборы единого кандидата от политической партии. Победитель внутрипартийных выборов затем соревнуется с кандидатами от других партий в ходе основных выборов. – Прим. ред.

88

Eliza Mackintosh. “Zimbabwe’s Military Takeover was the World’s Strangest Coup”, CNN, 21 November 2017; http://edition.cnn.com/2017/11/20/africa/zimbabwe-military-takeover-strangest-coup/index.html (дата обращения – 15 декабря 2017).

89

Большинство почетных званий и британских рыцарских статусов с тех пор было отозвано. См.: Howard W. French. “Mugabe Wins Anti-Hunger Prize”, New York Times, 16 September 1998; http://www.nytimes.com/1988/09/16/world/mugabe-wins-anti-hunger-prize.html (дата обращения – 11 ноября 2017).

90

Nic Cheeseman and Blessing-Miles Tendi. “Power-sharing in Comparative Perspective: The Dynamics of Unity ‘Government’ in Kenya and Zimbabwe”, Journal of Modern African Studies 48, no. 2 (2010) 203–29.

91

Brian Raftopoulos. “Reflections on the Opposition in Zimbabwe: The Politics of the Movement for Democratic Change (MDC)” // Ranka Primorac and Stephen Chan (eds). Zimbabwe in Crisis: The International Response and the Space of Silence (London, New York: Routledge, 2007): 125–48.

92

Dingilizwe Mathe. “Zimbabwe: The Art of Gerrymandering”, AfrikNews, 22 March 2008.

93

Dingilizwe Mathe. “Zimbabwe: The Art of Gerrymandering”, AfrikNews, 22 March 2008.

94

Richard Snyder and David J. Samuels. “Legislative Malapportionment in Latin America” // Edward L. Gibson (ed.). Federalism and Democracy in Latin America (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004): 131–72.

95

ACE Electoral Knowledge Network (2012), “The ACE Encyclopaedia: Boundary Delimitation”.

96

Количество президентских систем по миру см.: Chaisty, Cheeseman and Power (2018), Coalitional Presidentialism in Comparative Perspective, вступление.

97

Michael J. Klarman. From Jim Crow to Civil Rights: The Supreme Court and the Struggle for Racial Equality (Oxford University Press, 2004): 53.

98

Steve Annear. “Even Harvard Students Failed the 1964 Louisiana Literacy Test”, Boston Magazine, 7 November 2017.

99

См.: Thom File. “The Diversifying Electorate: Voting Rates by Race and Hispanic Origin in 2012 (and Other Recent Elections)”, United States Census Bureau; доступно по адресу http://www.census.gov/prod/2013pubs/p20–568.pdf (дата обращения – 11 ноября 2017); William H. Frey. “Minority Turnout Determined the 2012 Election”, Brookings Institute, 2013.

100

Jens Manuel Krogstad and Mark Hugo Lopez. “Hillary Clinton Won Latino Vote but Fell Below 2012 Support for Obama”, Pew Research, 2016; http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/11/29/hillary-clinton-wins-latino-vote-but-falls-below-2012-support-for-obama (дата обращения – 11 ноября 2017).

101

Jordan Lebeau. “A State by State Guide to Voter Restriction Laws”, Forbes, 7 November 2016; см. также: Keith G. Bentele and Erin E. O’Brien. “Jim Crow 2.0? Why States Consider and Adopt Restrictive Voter Access Policies”, Perspectives on Politics 11, no. 4 (2016) 1088–116.

102

North Carolina State Board of Elections (2017), Post-election Audit Report.

103

Zoltan Hajnal, Nazita Lajevardi and Lindsay Nielson. “Voter Identification Laws and the Suppression of Minority Votes”, The Journal of Politics 79, no. 2 (2017): 369.

104

Christina A. Cassidy and Ivan Moreno. “Wisconsin Voter ID Law Proved Insurmountable for Many”, Associated Press, 14 May 2017; http://www.jsonline.com/story/news/politics/2017/05/14/wisconsin-voter-id-law-proved-insurmountable-many/321680001 (дата обращения – 11 ноября 2017). См. также: Ari Berman. “Rigged: How Voter Suppression Threw Wisconsin to Trump”, Mother Jones, November/December 2017; http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2017/10/voter-suppression-wisconsin-election-2016 (дата обращения – 11 ноября 2017).

105

Astrid Evrensel (ed.). Voter Registration in Africa: A Comparative Analysis (Johannesburg: EISA, 2010).

106

Wanjohi Githae. “Kenya: ODM Cries Foul Over Voter Registration but Minister Denies Bias Claims”, Daily Nation, 9 October 2016; http://allafrica.com/stories/201610090307.html (дата обращения – 11 ноября 2017).

107

“Zanu PF in ‘Forced’ Voter Registration”, Daily News, 6 March 2017; более свежие проблемы – см.: Maxwell Sibanda. “BVR not the Panacea to Zim’s Electoral Challenges”, Daily News, 18 July 2017.

108

Bridget Mananavire. “Thousands of Under-5s have no Birth Certificates”, Daily News, 13 December 2015; https://www.dailynews.co.zw/articles/2015/12/12/thousands-of-under-5s-have-no-birth-certificates (дата обращения – 11 ноября 2017).

109

“No Maternity Fees, no Birth Record: is This Legal?”, Zimbabwean, 9 October 2015.

110

“Mudede Dismisses Politics in Birth Certificate Registration”, Sunday News Online, 23 July 2017; http://www.zimbabwesituation.com/news/zimsit-m-mudede-dismisses-politics-in-birth-certificate-registration/ (дата обращения – 17 декабря 2017).

111

Ник Чизман, интервью с бывшим чиновником ZANU-PF, Хараре, Зимбабве, июль 2017.

112

Ник Чизман, интервью с бывшим чиновником ZANU-PF, Хараре, Зимбабве, июль 2017.