Как почти честно выиграть выборы - Ник Чизмен

146

The Stream. “Uganda’s #sackofmoney Hits a Nerve”, Al Jazeera, 23 April 2013.

147

BBC News. “President Yoweri Museveni’s Sack of Money Sparks Uganda Row”, 22 April 2013; http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-22245873 (дата обращения – 15 декабря 2017).

148

Kizito Michael George. “The Cunning Mediocrity of African Presidents: Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni Hands Out $100K in a Sack Full of Cash”, Watchman Africa blog, 26 April 2013; http://watchmanafrica.blogspot.co.ke/2013/04/the-cunning-mediocrity-ofafrican.html (дата обращения – 11 ноября 2017).

149

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150

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151

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152

Jeffrey Conroy-Krutz and Carolyn Logan. “Museveni and the 2011 Uganda Election: Did the Money Matter?”, Journal of Modern African Studies 50, no. 4 (2012): 625.

153

Выборы 2011 года были менее репрессивными, чем предыдущие, но тем не менее проходили в обстановке запугивания, описанной в главе 3. Больше о том, как эта форма конкурентного авторитарного правительства работает в Уганде, см.: Aili Mari Tripp. Museveni’s Uganda: Paradoxes of Power in a Hybrid Regime (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2010).

154

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155

Michael Bratton. “Vote Buying and Violence in Nigerian Election Campaigns”, Electoral Studies 27, no. 4 (2008): 621–32.

156

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157

Frederic Charles Schaffer. “Might Cleaning Up Elections Keep People Away from the Polls? Historical and Comparative Perspectives”, International Political Science Review 23, no. 1 (2002): 69–84.

158

Конечно, другие факторы тоже важны: например, насколько конкурентны выборы и как организовано финансирование политических партий.

159

Nic Cheeseman, Gabrielle Lynch and Justin Willis. “Ghana Shows a Troubling Willingness to Accept Political Corruption Our Survey Shows”, Washington Post, 21 December 2016.

160

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161

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162

Abdi Latif Dahir. “Kenya is Set to Hold One of the Most Expensive Elections in Africa”, Quartz Africa, 18 July 2017; https://qz.com/ 1030958/kenyas-elections-will-cost-1-billion-in-government-and-campaign-spend (дата обращения – 11 ноября 2017).

163

Erick Oduor. “Millions of Dollars at Play as Kenyans Go into Their Most Expensive Election Yet”, East African, 22 May 2017; http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/Millions-of-dollars-at-play-as-Kenyans-go-to-thepolls/2558–3937572-as8pr8/index.html (дата обращения – 11 ноября 2017).

164

“India’s Election Campaign Spending Could Touch $5bn”, National, 11 March 2014; https://www.thenational.ae/world/india-selection-cam%C2%ADpaign-spending-could-touch-5bn-1.451206 (дата обращения – 11 ноября 2017).

165

Ник Чизман, интервью с подающей надежды участницей парламента, Аккра, Гана, август 2013.

166

Thad Beyle and Jennifer M. Jensen. “Gubernatorial Elections, Campaign Costs and Winning Governors of 2014”, Council of State Governments (2015).

167

Nicolas van de Walle. “Meet the New Boss, Same as the Old Boss? The Evolution of Political Clientelism in Africa” // Herbert Kitschelt and Steven I. Wilkinson (eds). Patrons, Clients and Policies: Patterns of Democratic Accountability and Political Competition (Cambridge University Press, 2007): 50–67.

168

Charles Hornsby. “The Social Structure of the National Assembly in Kenya, 1963–83”, Journal of Modern African Studies 27, no. 2 (1989): 275–96.

169

Jamin Raskin and John Bonifaz. “The Constitutional Imperative and Practical Superiority of Democratically Financed Elections”, Columbia Law Review 94, no. 4 (1994): 1160–203; Susan E. Scarrow. “Political Finance in Comparative Perspective”, Annual Review of Political Science 10 (2007): 193–210.

170

Erik Eckholm. “Tea Party Favorite Wins Texas Runoff”, New York Times, 31 July 2012; http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/01/us/politics/cruz-defeats-dewhurst-for-gop-nomination-in-texas-senate-race.html (дата обращения – 11 ноября 2017).

171

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172

Chris C. Ojukwu and J. O. Shopeju. “Elite Corruption and the Culture of Primitive Accumulation in 21st Century Nigeria”, International Journal of Peace and Development Studies 1, no. 2 (2010): 15–24.

173

OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights. “Republic of Armenia: Parliamentary Elections, 2 April 2017 – OSCE/ODIHR Election Observation Mission Final Report”; http://www.osce.org/odihr/328226?download=true (дата обращения – 11 ноября 2017).

174

“Armenia Votes to Curb Presidential Powers in Disputed Referendum”, Guardian, 7 December 2015; https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/07/armenia-vote-disputed-referendum-president-powers (дата обращения – 11 ноября 2017).

175

“RFE/RL Reporter Roughed Up While Investigating Vote Buying in Armenia”, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 14 May 2017; https://www.rferl.org/a/armenia-rferl-reporter-roughed-up-vote-buying/28487648.html (дата обращения – 11 ноября 2017).

176

Этот союз включал три партии: «Процветающая Армения», «Альянс» и «Миссия».

177

OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights. “Republic of Armenia: Parliamentary Elections, 2 April 2017”.

178

“Vote Buying Played Main Part in Armenian Elections, Says Expert”, Mediamax,