Как почти честно выиграть выборы - Ник Чизмен

113

Luke Anami. “Concern over High Number of Spoilt Votes”, Standard, 10 August 2017; http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001250839/concern-over-high-number-of-spoilt-votes (дата обращения – 11 ноября 2017).

114

Wendy R. Weiser and Margaret Chen. “Voter Suppression Incidents, 2008”, Brennan Center for Justice, 2008; http://www.brennancenter.org/analysis/voter-suppression-incidents-2008 (дата обращения – 11 ноября 2017).

115

John Wagner. “Ex-Ehrlich Campaign Manager Schurick Convicted in Robocall Case”, Washington Post, 6 December 2011; http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/dc-politics/ex-ehrlich-campaign-manager-schurick-convicted-in-robocallcase/2011/12/06/gIQA6rNsaO_story.html (дата обращения – 11 ноября 2017).

116

Richard R. Marcus. “Political Change in Madagascar: Populist Democracy or Neopatrimonialism by Another Name?”, Institute for Security Studies Papers 89 (2004): 20.

117

Хотя порой это возможно: в ряде стран избиратели могут вписать имя своего предпочитаемого кандидата в бюллетень, и если это сделает достаточно много человек, то кандидат победит.

118

Jean-Loup Vivier. Madagascar, une île à la dérive: les années 2007–2010 – de Ravalomanana à Rajoelina (Paris: L’Harmattan, 2010): 19.

119

Klaas (2016), The Despot’s Accomplice: 85–6.

120

“Madagascar Keeps Politician Out”, BBC News, 7 October 2006; http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/5416284.stm дата обращения – 11 ноября 2017).

121

См.: Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. “2006 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Madagascar”, US Department of State, 2007; http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2006/78743.htm (дата обращения – 11 ноября 2017).

122

Tim Marshal. “Iran’s Hand-Picked Presidential Candidates”, Sky News, 13 June 2013; https://news.sky.com/story/irans-handpicked-presidential-candidates-10443107 (дата обращения – 15 декабря 2017).

123

Abu B. Bah. “Democracy and Civil War: Citizenship and Peacemaking in Côte d’Ivoire”, African Affairs 109, no. 437 (2010): 597–615.

124

Morris P. Fiorina and Samuel J. Abrams. “Political Polarization in the American Public”, Annual Review of Political Science 11 (2008): 563–88; Pew Research Centre (2014), “Political Polarization in the American Public”.

125

Eric Lindgren and Priscilla Southwell. “The Effect of Electoral Competitiveness on Ideological Voting Patterns in the US House, 2002–10”, Politics & Policy 42, no. 6 (2014) 905–18. Важно отметить, что исследование не выявило особенно сильного эффекта.

126

Nolan McCarty, Keith T. Poole and Howard Rosenthal. “Does gerrymandering cause polarization?”, American Journal of Political Science 53, no. 3 (2009): 666–80.

127

Domenico Montanaro, Rachel Wellford and Simone Pathe. “2014 Midterm Election Turnout Lowest in 70 Years”, PBS Newshour, 10 November 2014; http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/2014-midterm-election-turnout-lowest-in-70-years (дата обращения – 11 ноября 2017).

128

Susanne D. Mueller. “The Political Economy of Kenya’s Crisis”, Journal of Eastern African Studies 2, no. 2 (2008): 185–210.

129

Donald L. Horowitz. “The Alternative Vote and Interethnic Moderation: A Reply to Fraenkel and Grofman”, Public Choice 121, no. 3 (4004): 507–17; Donald L. Horowitz. “Electoral Systems: A Primer for Decision Makers”, Journal of Democracy 14, no. 4 (2003): 115–27.

130

Jon Fraenkel and Bernard Grofman. “The Failure of the Alternative Vote as a Tool for Ethnic Moderation in Fiji: A Rejoinder to Horowitz”, Comparative Political Studies 39, no. 5 (2006): 663–6; Arend Lijphart. “The Alternative Vote: A Realistic Alternative for South Africa?”, Politikon: South African Journal of Political Studies 18, no. 2 (1991): 91–101.

131

David Welsh. “Domestic Politics and Ethnic Conflict”, Survival 35, no. 1 (1993) 63–80. См. также: Samuel Mondays Atuobi. “Election-related Violence in Africa”, Conflict Trends 1 (2008): 10–15.

132

Информация из NELDA. См.: Susan Hyde and Nikolay Marinov. “Which Elections Can Be Lost?”, Political Analysis 20, no. 2 (2012): 191–210.

133

Более глубокое обсуждение широкого контекста проблем американских выборов см.: Pippa Norris. Why American Elections Are Flawed (and How to Fix Them). (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2017).

134

Barry Edwards, Michael Crespin, Ryan D. Williamson and Maxwell Palmer. “Institutional Control of Redistricting and the Geography of Representation”, Journal of Politics 79, no. 2 (2017): 722–6.

135

Дальнейшее обсуждение перекройки избирательных округов, а также независимых комиссий см. в James Ruley. “One Person, One Vote: Gerrymandering and the Independent Commission, a Global Perspective”, Indiana Law Journal 92, no. 2 (2017): 783–816.

136

ACE Electoral Knowledge Network (2012), “Boundary Delimitation”.

137

Nicholas O. Stephanopoulos and Eric M. McGhee. “Partisan Gerrymandering and the Efficiency Gap”, University of Chicago Law Review 82 (2015): 831–900.

138

См.: Metric Geometry and Gerrymandering Group (2017). “Gerrymandering Resources”, Tufts University; https://sites.tufts.edu/gerrymandr/resources (дата обращения – 11 ноября 2017); Shannon Najmabadi. “Meet the Math Professor Who’s Fighting Gerrymandering with Geometry”, Chronicle of Higher Education, 22 February 2017; http://www.chronicle.com/article/Meet-theMath-Professor/239260 (дата обращения – 11 ноября 2017).

139

IFES (2014), “Redefining Boundaries”; http://www.ifes.org/news/redefining-boundaries (дата обращения – 11 ноября 2017).

140

Jamal Khurshid. “ECP Facilitated Gerrymandering of Constituencies, SHC Told”, News, 20 September 2015; http://www.thenews.com.pk/print/63553-ecp-facilitated-gerrymandering-of-constituencies-shc-told (дата обращения – 11 ноября 2017).

141

J. Gerald Hebert and Marina K. Jenkins. “The Need for State Redistricting Reform to Rein in Partisan Gerrymandering”, Yale Law & Policy Review 29 (2010): 543; Samuel Issacharoff. “Gerrymandering and Political Cartels”, Harvard Law Review 116, no. 2 (2002): 593–648.

142

Пример см.: European Union Election Observation Mission in Kosovo. “Briefing of Long-Term Election Observers”, 26 May 2017; http://eeas.europa.eu/election-observation-missions/eom-kosovo-2017/26981/briefing-long-term-election-observers_en (дата обращения – 11 ноября 2017).

143

Stephen Chan. “If not Free and Fair? Selected African Elections and Their Observation”, Democracy in Africa, 28 January 2017; http://democracy-inafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/If-not-free-and-fair-electoralobservation-FINAL.pdf (дата обращения – 11 ноября 2017).

144

“President Yoweri Museveni’s Sack of Money Sparks Uganda Row”, BBC News, 22 April 2013.

145

Jake